Chapter Zero 

Biology is written in italics, psychology or sociology in bold and world building is in large print 

Each chapter will begin with some world building, followed by short stories

What goes on in this chapter is Locket’s power of influence as what is covered here has an effect on the world of Organelle 

Using biology and psychology I’m creating an alien civilization I call Organelle. A once glorious world where the high elite put their time and energy into using the DNA of the world around them to unlock the mysteries of creation and trade this knowledge with ET’s. However there was recently a change, Locket was elected and her first order of business is to turn Organelle into a monarchy for her to have total control. Organelle as a result falls into corruption. The people of Organelle will not stand for this and for the first time there is war. This is to be an extremely important war to overthrow Locket and end corruption.

Each chapter will either be a governmental or authoritative system or a nation

In Chapter Zero

I cover programmed cell death and this chapter will be my first place to add psychology since it will be reused and paired with other areas of psychology in the following chapters 

Below are two diagrams 

One being a basic animal cell 

The other being Apoptosis and Necroptosis

Which are referred to as programmed cell death 

The nuclear events occurring during apoptosis include changes at the molecular level (i.e. DNA cleavage,

The sudden change in the deepest level of X’s design 

A change in their core beliefs and values affecting how they express themselves 

Could it relate a bit with this?

In psychology, A dispositional attribution infers a person's behavior is due to an internal cause such as a personality trait, some motive, or other lasting characteristics of that individual

The change in regime demanded that the community change their core beliefs about reality, purpose and how to perceive life in general. This has become a view of the world where the explanation is internal and behaviours that are undesirable relate to individual character rather than error.

In psychology, Identification is the middle level of conformity. Here a person changes their public behaviour (the way they act) and their private beliefs, but only while they are in the presence of the group they are identifying with

This has become a must in the new regime for those who cannot truly abandon their beliefs about life and reality that has been in place as long as recorded history in Organelle.

A reaction that severs one of the covalent sugar-phosphate linkages between NUCLEOTIDES that compose the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA

modifications of nuclear polypeptides,

 a continuous, unbranched chain of amino acids

a single-stranded chain

Modification of what was an organized process 

In psychology, shaping is a behavioral modification technique that involves rewarding behaviors that are closer to a desired target behavior

The people of Organelle are expected to shape themselves and their children with the target being practising beliefs that align with Locket’s vision of acceptable behaviour 

and proteolysis of several proteins important for cell maintenance

the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids

X’s structure has been broken into smaller parts called X

In sociology:

Demonopolization is the process of breaking up monopolies or reducing their power

The basic structure of X has been modified 

chromatin condensation,

a reduction of volume due to a occupied space organization into densely packed higher-order structures

Loss of ability to provide X due to the need to understand the relationships between X

spatial being your ability to see and understand the relationships between shapes, spaces, and areas.

nuclear shrinkage,

Entering a more primitive state

and DNA fragmentation

DNA fragmentation is the process of DNA strands breaking apart into smaller pieces fragmentation gradually accumulates in a cell

The process of breaking apart X into many smaller X

The four stages of apoptosis are:

induction,

The two main pathways of apoptosis are extrinsic

not part of the essential nature of someone or something; coming or operating from outside

The outside influences of X are the cause of one to be put in position to influence the development in X

and intrinsic

belonging naturally; essential.

as well as a perforin/granzyme pathway

Perforin is a pore-forming protein and also known as cytoplasmic granule toxins

granzymes is to induce the death of virus-infected and other potentially harmful cells

essential components of the cytotoxic granules

present in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.

Each requires specific triggering signals to begin an energy-dependent cascade of molecular events

To be triggered by toxic X causing the dependent..

cascade meaning process by which a nucleic acid molecule is in a way that involves enzymes copied to generate an offspring population with the same sequence as the parental one

Chain of events that get passed down to the offspring of the parental X

early phase,

Cells become smaller, with a denser cytoplasm and more tightly packed organelles

Development of the person’s environment is reduced to a smaller state that is more manageable for them 

translocation

moves to the outer leaf of the plasma membrane

Signaling molecules downstream of the death receptors are activated

cell surface proteins that respond to extracellular death signals

X is open to receiving signals from outside the region and as a result relocate X from one community to another 

pathway activation

the process by which a chemical signaling molecule activates a series of interactions between molecules in a cell

X acting like a signalling body enables a series of interactions or consequences to take place between beings in Organelle 

mid phase

The mid phase is when the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways converge.

The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is a programmed cell death pathway that's activated when a cell is injured

The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is a process that removes cells that are infected with a virus or are potentially malignant

The response effort to dangerous situations come together to use the same strategies in a number of situations instead of both being completely independent from each other 

late phase

The late stage of apoptosis is characterized by DNA fragmentation(karyorrhexis), which starts upon completion of nuclear condensation 

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Necroptosis is a type of programmed cell death that involves the translocation…

a genetic change

occurs when a piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

Let’s revisit the parts of the chromosome 

Chromatids

Chromatids allow cells to store two copies of their DNA in preparation for cell division.

Telomeres

Telomeres prevent the ends of chromosomes from fraying, tangling, or degrading. 

They also protect chromosomes from DNA damage, DNA end-joining, and accidental DNA recombination

recombination

DNA recombination is the process of breaking and rejoining DNA segments to create new nucleotide sequences It's essential for generating genetic diversity and maintaining genome integrity

Chromatin

Chromatin's main function is to condense DNA into a compact form that can fit within the nucleus of a cell.

Histones

Histones strengthen DNA to allow replication help control gene activity

Kinetochore

The kinetochore acts as a signaling hub to regulate the cell cycle

Telomeric proteins

or when pieces from two different chromosomes trade places.

and a process in protein synthesis..

Which includes:

Transcription

where genetic instructions from DNA are transferred to mRNA in the nucleus

What is mRNA?

mRNA stands for messenger RNA and it’s function being the process of transferring genetic information from DNA into a cell

Translation

Translation is the process of converting genetic information in RNA into functional proteins

Proteins provide structure and support for cells Some proteins act as chemical messengers

Elongation

 a biological process that involves the addition of amino acids to a growing chain

Termination

the end of transcription or translation, or the process of ending cellular signaling

…of signaling proteins to the nucleus

Following necroptosis induction, 

RIPK3 is activated 

What is RIPK3?

an enzyme that is a vital component of necrosomes,

Being Fas-associated protein

Fas-associated death domain:

is an adapter protein that connects the Fas-receptor

to procaspases 8 and 10

to form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC)

with death domain leading to activation of the pseudokinase

 a protein kinase that lacks the ability to catalyze reactions,

but still plays a role in cell signaling

also known as signal transduction, is the process by which cells communicate with each other and their environment

mixed lineage kinase

Or MLK is a protein kinase that is part of the mitogen-activated protein or MAP

enzymes that regulate cellular responses to stimuli, such as heat shock

followed by a rapid plasma membrane rupture

and inflammatory response through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and cytokines

small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells like T Cells 

which trigger caspase-independent programmed necrosis

occurs when caspases are not activated

a family of enzymes that are central to apoptosis

cysteine proteases

that cleave proteins

after an aspartic acid residue. 

This process leads to changes in cell morphology

MLKL is activated in the nucleus,

What is MLKL?

the terminal protein in the pro-inflammatory necroptotic cell death program

Necroptosis is a type of programmed cell death that is similar to necrosis, but is caspase-independent.

It's governed by the receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1),

regulates the decision between cell death and survival

RIP3,

RIP3 is a vital part of the necrosome, a signaling complex

that triggers caspase-independent programmed necrosis. 

Necroptosis is activated by pattern recognition receptors

and death receptor ligands from the innate immune system

and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL).

the terminal protein in the pro-inflammatory necroptotic cell death program

and after their cooperative nuclear export,

they contribute to cytosolic necrosome formation.

Consequently, the export of RIPK3 and MLKL from the nucleus to the cytosol