Chapter Five

Two smaller nations in Organelle 

Their job is to store resources and sustain the cell mechanically

The vacuole tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane 

lysosomes are..

membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are proteins that act upon substrate molecules

and decrease the activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur

by stabilizing the transition state

capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers

What are polymers?

proteins and nucleic acids

What are nucleic acids?

The central vacuole is a storage space for water

Mi

There are three types of spindle microtubules

What is a spindle?

Its role is to separate the chromosomes. 

What happens when chromosomes are separated?

Chromosome segregation occurs at two separate stages during meiosis

What is meiosis?

Producing cells with half the genetic information 

The spindle fibres attach to chromosomes during metaphase

What is metaphase?

the nucleus dissolves and the cell's chromosomes condense and move together

and pull the chromatids towards opposite poles during anaphase

What is anaphase?

each pair of chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromosomes

the kinetochore microtubules (K)

Kinetochores are large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles

polar microtubules (P)

the polar microtubules that reach across the cell and interact with one another to help maintain the separation of the centrosomes

What are centrosomes?

and defining the overall length of the spindle, and the aster microtubules that are generally short,

What are aster microtubules?

radiating out from, and stabilizing the centrosome