Chapter Twelve 

What is Phagosome?

The function of the phagosome is the degradation of biological material, regardless of whether the ultimate goal is to rid the body of dead cell debris without inducing an immune response or to generate epitopes from internalized pathogens for recognition by T cells

epitopes functions are for the evoking the immune response to an invading pathogen

Phagosome Formation is formed when pathogens 

Pathogens are entities that cause disease 

or opsonins

They are used to overcome the repellent force between the negative cell walls and promote uptake of the pathogen by the macrophage

Macrophages are specialised cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms

Opsonization is an antimicrobial technique 

Antimicrobial substance kills microorganisms 

to kill and stop the spread of disease

binding to a transmembrane receptor,

receptors are integral membrane proteins capable of recognizing an extraordinary variety of molecules that bind with another 

which are randomly distributed on the phagocyte cell surface

A type of immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells

Phagosome Maturation

the process by which a particle-containing phagosome 'matures' through a series of increasingly acidic membrane-bound structures

Phagocytosis-Associated Responses

cell responses include immuno-modulatory responses like the generation and release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators

Phagocytosis Efficiency

Some phagocytes perform phagocytosis very efficiently these phagocytes include: 

dendritic cells,

A special type of immune cell that boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system

eosinophils,

Move to inflamed areas, trapping substances, killing cells, anti-parasitic and bactericidal activity, participating in immediate allergic reactions, and modulating inflammatory responses

macrophages,

specialised cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms. In addition, they can also present antigens to T cells and initiate inflammation by releasing molecules (known as cytokines) that activate other cells

monocytes,

A critical component of the innate immune system. They are the source of many other vital elements of the immune system, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Monocytes play a role in both the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes that take place during an immune response

neutrophils,

They travel to the site of infection, where they destroy the microorganisms by ingesting them and releasing enzymes that kill them. Neutrophils also boost the response of other immune cells

and osteoclasts

Osteoclasts dissolve and break down old or damaged bone cells. They make space for osteoblasts to create new bone tissue in areas that are growing or need repair