Chapter Two

The Secret society of Nuc

The news of the crash has caught the attention of the elite in Nuc as well as the underground nations

Every nation handles the news differently 

A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein,

What is RNA?

Unlike DNA RNA has a single strand instead of a double helix. The main function of RNA is to create proteins via translation. RNA carries genetic information that is translated by ribosomes

The steps of translation are initiation,

in which initial recognition of promoter DNA

RNAP triggers a series of conformational changes in both RNAP and promoter DNA.

What is RNAP?

multisubunit enzyme that transcribes template DNA into RNA

What is promoter DNA?

a region of DNA where relevant proteins such as RNA polymerase

 a multi-unit enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from a template of DNA through a process called transcription

and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of that gene

the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA

elongation,

the addition of nucleotide units, resulting in the lengthening of the nucleic acid chain.

nucleotide units being ribose in RNA or attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.

and termination

the ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene

and it is the site of protein synthesis

What are proteins?

Proteins are biopolymeric structures composed of amino acids

biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently bonded in chains to form larger molecules

What is protein synthesis?

Protein synthesis is the process in which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation

The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence

Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and are called transcripts

and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids,

which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins

each ribosome consists of two separate RNA-protein complexes, known as the small and large subunits. 

the smaller of the two major RNA components of the ribosome. Associated with a number of ribosomal proteins

Large RNA is responsible for the catalysis of peptide bond formation, an enzymatic activity that covalently links amino acids

The large subunit sits on top of the small subunit, with an RNA template between the two

One of the two strands of the DNA double helixthen acts as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule

Mitochondria convert oxygen and food into energy that powers the cell's biochemical reactions.

Taking the raw materials of Organelle’s natural resources to convert into electricity

they produce most of the chemical energy the cell needs to function, storing it in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

ATP is the primary energy carrier in all living organisms. It's constantly being formed and broken down as it participates in biological reactions

Organelle’s energy program that takes part in X it regularly goes through changes as old material, old technology and old ideas are “taken down” and reinvented 

The culture in Mito reflects this, always taking down what is old and reinventing as a new thing 

This energy is stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules

molecules are the primary way that cells store and transfer energy

Adenine: A nitrogenous base

A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA

Mito is a producer of the tools that the elite need to do their work and research 

Ribose: A sugar molecule that is the same as the one that makes up DNA

X is a substance that has been discovered in the ancient times of Organelle that has been mimicked for production and use where it is seen fit

Phosphate groups: Three phosphate groups that are linked together by phosphoanhydride bonds

high-energy bonds that occur between phosphate groups in molecules like adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The mitochondrial phosphate carrier is a mitochondrial solute carrier protein

A carrier protein is a protein that moves ions and molecules across biological membranes. 

The business working with the people of Plas (general public) is the mining and transport of natural resources for use in energy production 

Carrier proteins are specific to a particular ion or molecule, and they are embedded in the cell membrane. 

The products are taken out of the ground 

PiC delivers phosphate, a key substrate of oxidative phosphorylation, across the inner mitochondrial membrane

X

Mitochondria absorb and store calcium ions, which are vital for many cellular processes

Mito has a major storage facility for resources mined from Plas which are vital for many of Organelle’s systems 

Mitochondria are involved in managing cell death

Mito has a justice system for crimes that involve damaging to either Mito or anywhere in Organelle. If it upsets the system you will be charged.

Mitochondria also contribute to cell growth and differentiation,

Mito has a multitude of businesses that are focused on the cultural development of Organelle as well as plans to guide new worlds into maturity. While they don’t have the same amount of access as the elite they do the work of putting together a plan for the development of these worlds.

cell cycle control,

The cell cycle is the process by which cells replicate and create two new cells.

An important study on the stages of advancing the society of Organelle into a diverse culture. Although it means division of the people it’s an important step in creating a new culture. The strategy for developing Organelle’s diverse cultures are explained below. This is the game they play and it works extremely well 

There are steps to this:

A cell spends most of its time in what is called interphase, and during this time it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its division

During the prophase stage, the chromosomes condense into an X-shaped structure. Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids with the same information. Chromosomes are paired, both copies of chromosome 1 are combined, and both copies of chromosome 2 are grouped together

Metaphase is a stage during the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis). Normally, individual chromosomes are spread out in the cell nucleus. During metaphase, the nucleus dissolves and the cell's chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell

In anaphase, the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

In telophase, the cell is nearly done dividing, and it starts to re-establish its normal structures as cytokinesis (division of the cell contents) takes place. The mitotic spindle is broken down into its building blocks

and calcium signaling

Calcium signaling is a series of events that link an external stimulus to an intracellular response. The external stimulus is often a hormone, neurotransmitter, or growth factor. The calcium ions that trigger the response can come from internal stores or from outside the cell

This could be the central emergency response system 

The parts of the mitochondria are the outer membrane, that provides a molecular sieve that only allows the diffusion of relatively small molecules

Mito’s working class, they provide a filter to only allow minimal X to take place 

intermembrane space,

a small compartment between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion that contains many important components for cellular and mitochondrial metabolism

A small hidden city placed in between two major cities 

a constricted space that's only a few nanometers wide, about the width of a membrane bilayer. It contains many proteins

The structure of the city is long and narrow and is a developed community 

Outer membrane 

The outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is a double phospholipid bilayer that separates the mitochondrion from the rest of the cell. It has several important functions

The OMM controls what enters and exits the mitochondrion

A strict border region 

The OMM acts as the meeting place between the mitochondrion and the cytosol

What is cytosol?

Cytosol is a liquid that fills the inside of a cell and performs many functions

An atmosphere thick enough to help hold structures in place

Cytosol allows messenger molecules to pass between the cell membrane, nucleus, and organelles, changing how they function

The make up of this atmosphere allows for signals for communication to reach their destination 

The OMM contains porins, which are proteins that allow larger molecules to pass through. One example of a porin is the voltage-dependent anion channel

inner membrane,

functional barrier to the passage of small molecules between the cytosol

What is cytosol?

and the matrix

and maintains the proton gradient

that drives oxidative phosphorylation

The place for billionaires both in the public eye and those unknown 

there are two distinct types of ER that perform different functions within the cell. 

There are two beautiful structures that exist in the sky of Organelle 

 The rough ER Is convoluted, flattened like membrane sheets (called cisternae) 

that extend across the cytoplasm and contain ribosomes..

Ribosomes can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER

There are what Organelle calls “Micro Nations” they are somewhat secret societies. Seen but the public know very little about them and what goes on inside them. You have to really be somebody to even have access to these places 

The cisternae play a crucial role in the packaging, modification, and transport functions for the cell overall

Terminal cisternae, along with transverse tubules, are responsible for transduction from a nervous impulse

The billionaires receive messages from across the cosmos that they use to enrich the micro nations

Cisternae in contact with mitochondria take up ATP from the mitochondria and utilize it.

The nation of Mito exports goods and energy to the micro nations 

ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate made up of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

ATP is how to store energy

A nucleoside triphosphate is molecule that consists of a nucleoside, which is a nitrogenous base bound to a 5-carbon sugar, with three phosphate groups attached to the sugar

The goods that are exported from Mito are X mixture that the celebrities use for X possibly substances not yet known 

…which is covered by ribosomes

What are Ribosomes?

What happens in the micro nations is top secret and those who made it to reside there won’t risk exile or have their career ruined, so they have taken a vow of silence 

on its outer surface, functions in protein processing

What are proteins?

Correctly folded proteins are packaged into transport vesicles that move them to the Golgi complex

The business of exporting X to the region of Golgi

The ER retains proteins until they have the correct conformation. Misfolded proteins are retained in the ER lumen and are eventually degraded through the proteasome. This process is called ER-associated degradation 

Mistakes are covered up by retaining the information in the lumen to go through the X process 

The ER lumen glycosylates proteins

The ER lumen assembles multi-subunit proteins.

The ER lumen packages proteins into vesicles

The X process is a form of business in Endo the X process ensures the safety of celebrities and billionaires 

The smooth ER is not associated with ribosomes and is involved in lipid,

What is lipid?

rather than protein, metabolism

and is involved in synthesis of various proteins

The network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum allows for an increased surface area to be devoted to storage of key enzymes

Smooth Endo is separated from the micro nations and is a place of business that is less secretive but is more of a place for business men and women devoted to X