-ˋˏ ༻ Chapter Four ༺ ˎˊ-
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Chapter Four
Mitochondria
Or Mito
The most powerful nation in Organelle
Mitochondria
Mitochondria convert oxygen and food into energy that powers the cell's biochemical reactions.
Taking the raw materials of Organelle’s natural resources to convert into electricity
they produce most of the chemical energy the cell needs to function, storing it in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
ATP is the primary energy carrier in all living organisms. It's constantly being formed and broken down as it participates in biological reactions
Organelle’s energy program that takes part in X it regularly goes through changes as old material, old technology and old ideas are “taken down” and reinvented
The culture in Mito reflects this, always taking down what is old and reinventing as a new thing
This energy is stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules
molecules are the primary way that cells store and transfer energy
Adenine: A nitrogenous base
A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA
Mito is a producer of the tools that the elite need to do their work and research
Ribose: A sugar molecule that is the same as the one that makes up DNA
X is a substance that has been discovered in the ancient times of Organelle that has been mimicked for production and use where it is seen fit
Phosphate groups: Three phosphate groups that are linked together by phosphoanhydride bonds
high-energy bonds that occur between phosphate groups in molecules like adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The mitochondrial phosphate carrier is a mitochondrial solute carrier protein
A carrier protein is a protein that moves ions and molecules across biological membranes.
The business working with the people of Plas (general public) is the mining and transport of natural resources for use in energy production
Carrier proteins are specific to a particular ion or molecule, and they are embedded in the cell membrane.
The products are taken out of the ground
PiC delivers phosphate, a key substrate of oxidative phosphorylation, across the inner mitochondrial membrane
X
Mitochondria absorb and store calcium ions, which are vital for many cellular processes
Mito has a major storage facility for resources mined from Plas which are vital for many of Organelle’s systems
Mitochondria are involved in managing cell death
Mito has a justice system for crimes that involve damaging to either Mito or anywhere in Organelle. If it upsets the system you will be charged.
Mitochondria also contribute to cell growth and differentiation,
Mito has a multitude of businesses that are focused on the cultural development of Organelle as well as plans to guide new worlds into maturity. While they don’t have the same amount of access as the elite they do the work of putting together a plan for the development of these worlds.
cell cycle control,
The cell cycle is the process by which cells replicate and create two new cells.
An important study on the stages of advancing the society of Organelle into a diverse culture. Although it means division of the people it’s an important step in creating a new culture. The strategy for developing Organelle’s diverse cultures are explained below. This is the game they play and it works extremely well
There are steps to this:
A cell spends most of its time in what is called interphase, and during this time it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its division
During the prophase stage, the chromosomes condense into an X-shaped structure. Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids with the same information. Chromosomes are paired, both copies of chromosome 1 are combined, and both copies of chromosome 2 are grouped together
Metaphase is a stage during the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis). Normally, individual chromosomes are spread out in the cell nucleus. During metaphase, the nucleus dissolves and the cell's chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell
In anaphase, the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell
In telophase, the cell is nearly done dividing, and it starts to re-establish its normal structures as cytokinesis (division of the cell contents) takes place. The mitotic spindle is broken down into its building blocks
and calcium signaling
Calcium signaling is a series of events that link an external stimulus to an intracellular response. The external stimulus is often a hormone, neurotransmitter, or growth factor. The calcium ions that trigger the response can come from internal stores or from outside the cell
This could be the central emergency response system
The parts of the mitochondria are the outer membrane, that provides a molecular sieve that only allows the diffusion of relatively small molecules
Mito’s working class, they provide a filter to only allow minimal X to take place
intermembrane space,
a small compartment between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion that contains many important components for cellular and mitochondrial metabolism
A small hidden city placed in between two major cities
a constricted space that's only a few nanometers wide, about the width of a membrane bilayer. It contains many proteins
The structure of the city is long and narrow and is a developed community
Outer membrane
The outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is a double phospholipid bilayer that separates the mitochondrion from the rest of the cell. It has several important functions
The OMM controls what enters and exits the mitochondrion
A strict border region
The OMM acts as the meeting place between the mitochondrion and the cytosol
What is cytosol?
Cytosol is a liquid that fills the inside of a cell and performs many functions
An atmosphere thick enough to help hold structures in place
Cytosol allows messenger molecules to pass between the cell membrane, nucleus, and organelles, changing how they function
The make up of this atmosphere allows for signals for communication to reach their destination
The OMM contains porins, which are proteins that allow larger molecules to pass through. One example of a porin is the voltage-dependent anion channel
inner membrane,
functional barrier to the passage of small molecules between the cytosol
What is cytosol?
and the matrix
and maintains the proton gradient
that drives oxidative phosphorylation