The seventh circle of Neur

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Unlike the underground nations Plas doesn’t know about the Cosmic Wheel and instead they follow the Walk of Virtue for their self transformation experiment

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The Nature of Plas

It's made up of two layers of phospholipids

It's made up of phospholipids

It contains integral proteins that are permanently embedded in the membrane

It regulates what enters and exits the cell

It prevents harmful materials from entering the cell

It helps cells communicate

It helps cells carry out changes triggered by chemical messengers

It helps cells transport and share material

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain materials to pass through and blocking others

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The Fall of Plas

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The process of an individual living in any of the underground nations must do to transform themselves into a being of pure energy 

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The Walk of Virtue

Telophase Two

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The History - Beginning with Nuc

Chromosomes gather: Chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell, where they gather into two sets

The people who know the make up of the universe gather in two groups since they cannot agree on what to do with this knowledge 

What they do agree on is that there must be separation between the interpretations and each side have its followers 

One side isn’t right and the other wrong that is left up to personal interpretation 

Cell polarity is the uneven distribution of a cell's structure, shape, and function along an axis

The cell axis determines the future positions

The development of a world from a type zero to a type one is believed that this division is the way of the future. A one world government is not the answer, instead two global superpowers with separate ideological structures based on the knowledge that was attained from studying the chromosomes 

Polarity works by cells receiving information about their surroundings through biochemical and mechanical cues

Tight junctions and transcytosis maintain the polarity

The lines of communication between the elite allow there to be movements throughout society 

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Nuclear membranes form: A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, creating two new nuclei

The two groups develop the information in a form that the public can better understand since it’s teachings become stories relating to history and cultural development 

Chromosomes decondense: Chromosomes return to their "stringy" form

The belief that the world is made of “Rings and Strings” is explored by both sides 

Cell division: The cell pinches in the middle and divides again, creating four daughter cells

As the two groups advance they become more divided among each other and among themselves as they divide the two movements based on different opinions 

Daughter cells are haploid: Each daughter cell has half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. 

The elite have the idea that new knowledge can be created by providing half fact and half opinion 

This will be a social experiment 

Daughter cells have new gene mixtures: Each daughter cell has a new combination of genes due to recombination during meiosis

The order of information for each group will be mixed and matched until all possibilities are to be experienced 

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Anaphase Two

Anaphase II is a stage of meiosis II where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell

Part of Organelle’s creation story is that the creator made two sisters and divided the Book of Life into two followings 

Centromere splitting: The centromere of each chromosome splits 

Chromatid separation: Sister chromatids separate at the centromere 

When they were first created they were equal but through time what used to bring them together has disappeared and they became unrecognizable as sisters 

Microtubule attachment: Microtubules from the spindle attach to the kinetochore of each sister chromatid 

The belief, however, that is still in common is that creation is a network of hollow strings 

Chromatid movement: Microtubules pull the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell 

It is believed that this network ends in two possibilities for the afterlife and these possibilities are divided into two extremes. Unlike earth it’s not heaven and hell but instead possibilities that are neither utopian or dystopian. They are simply different and left up to the individual on what type of afterlife they strive for 

Cellular checkpoint: A checkpoint ensures that chromosomes formed after meiosis I have not changed 

Once the two sides have reached maturity they are advised to develop and keep tradition 

Cell elongation: Microtubules not attached to the kinetochore pull apart to elongate the cell 

Some of the people of Organelle do not agree with either side of the Book of Life and they are seen by the followers as people who distort the reality around them. That they are delusional in their opinions and practice 

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Metaphase Two

Metaphase II is a stage of meiosis II where chromosomes line up in the middle of a cell to form a metaphase plate 

The metaphase plate is equidistant from the two spindle poles of the cell

It is believed that the two sisters were sent to Nuc  to teach the people. They created a fictional story that included both sides and a story on how the Book of Life was split into two truths 

 Chromosomes line up: Chromosomes line up in pairs of sister chromatids along the metaphase plate

In the story the sisters themselves were split in half by the creator as each of them regenerate back into full beings 

Microtubules attach: Microtubules from the centrosomes

A centrosome is a small organelle that organizes microtubules

It's located near the nucleus of a cell. 

A micro nation was created with the important job of sorting out where the people will go after death 

The people are judged but not by the same standards as earth

at opposite poles of the cell attach to the kinetochores of each chromosome

The half of the Book of Life that is focused on chromosomes as the root of creation, a belief that is not shared between both sides, one side is all about the chromosomes while the other is on nucleotides. However the two sides will come together to overcome a problem that affects both sides

Centrioles at opposite poles: Centrioles are located at opposite poles of each daughter cell

Centrioles help organize microtubules that form the cell's skeletal system

It is believed that the responsibility of higher entities is to organize the network of the soul’s destination while encouraging different paths to each of the two places 

Metaphase plate forms: The chromosomes align at the equator of the cell to form the metaphase plate

The origin story of how the Book of Life came into being is a fictional tale of an unseen dimension that existed before the sisters became divided 

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Prometaphase Two

Prometaphase II is a stage of meiosis II when the nuclear envelope breaks down

The surface nation that has once existed on the outer borders of Nuc, one that was once believed to be the resting place for the soul crumbles. While the people in it see this as the end of their world it is a series of events that must take place to make the way for a new phase of existence.

Microtubules extend from the centrioles, forming a spindle

In the story of the old world’s destruction the purpose of a society falling into destruction is simply part of it’s development into something better. Instead of a single destination for all souls it is instead divided into different “journeys”. These paths being a network of different beliefs on how to live in order to reach the desired destination

Kinetochores monitor attachment status and tension to activate checkpoints and error-correction mechanisms. 

In order for Organelle to have control over it’s people it is taught that you are not guaranteed access to these resting places. That you are judged at the end of each stage of your life. It is taught, that those who follow a path that is too dangerous to be everlasting is put to an end. While this is indeed true what results from this is the creation of political powers and the creation of laws

and the spindle is fully formed. 

The division of outcomes becomes an accepted condition in which the people live

During this stage, each sister chromatid forms a kinetochore that attaches to microtubules from opposite poles

The symbolic story of “The Sisters” becomes present in the culture as each sister represents the beginning and the destination. Important information from the Book of Life is woven into the modern culture and is seen as a guide to get to “The Right Destination” 

Microtubules extend from the centrioles, forming a spindle. 

It is believed that there’s a plane of existence where beings sort out the network of life paths and make sure they run smoothly 

Nuclear envelope breakdown: The nuclear membrane breaks down into small vesicles, allowing spindle microtubules to access the cell's genetic material

Early in Organelle’s history the underground nation of Nuc had a separate surface nation. The nation crumbled into a world without hope because it was without knowledge. Without the creation of anything new to exist and the people put to work in a world deemed meaningless. It has been realized that each civilization needs some form of access to a higher knowledge. Even the low class. 

Kinetochore formation: A protein structure called a kinetochore forms around the centromere, which is the central point of the sister chromatids

The Sisters who became divided in half represent the division of the Book of Life. It has become evident that in order for a civilization to survive it needs the information in the Book of Life or its society will exhaust itself trying to run on nothing. The information however is attached to the political views over what lifestyle is right and what destination is right. 

Microtubule attachment: Microtubules from the centrosomes at the poles of the spindle attach to the kinetochores

The most extreme of paths always get the most attention 

Chromosome movement: The chromosomes move back and forth until they align on the metaphase plate

One side’s truth develops and then the other until they reach a point of agreement as it would appear on the outside for a civilized society 

in the center of the spindle

They remain divided however they no longer voice it in the way they have in the past 

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Prophase Two

Prophase II is a stage of cell division in meiosis that involves the condensation of chromosomes

Chromosome condensation is the process of compacting long chromatin strands into short, thread-like chromosomes

and the breakdown of the nuclear envelope

The nuclear envelope's main function is to protect the nucleus and control the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Chromosomes condense: Chromosomes condense into visible X-shaped structures

Nuclear membrane dissolves: The nuclear membrane breaks down, allowing the chromosomes to become visible

Spindle fibers form: Centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell and begin to form spindle fibers. 

Chromosomes move: The chromosomes begin to move toward the equator of the cell. 

Kinetochore proteins assemble: Kinetochore proteins assemble on the outer chromatids of each chromosome

Meiotic spindle attaches: The meiotic spindle attaches to the kinetochores.

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Telophase One

Telophase I is a stage of meiosis where chromosomes gather at the poles of a cell, and the cell prepares to divide into two daughter cells

Homologous chromosomes separate: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell

Nuclear envelope reforms: The nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, creating two new nuclei

Cytokinesis occurs: The cell pinches in the middle, forming two daughter cells

Chromosomes decondense: The chromosomes de-condense back into chromatin

Spindle apparatus disappears: The spindle apparatus disappears

Daughter cells are not identical: The daughter cells are not identical because crossing over occurs, making each chromosome unique

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Anaphase One

Anaphase 1 is the third stage of meiosis I, and is characterized by the separation of homologous chromosomes

Homologous chromosome separation: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Microtubule activity: Microtubules shorten and lengthen, pulling and pushing chromosomes and centrosomes

Cell elongation: The cell elongates as it prepares to divide

Spindle apparatus: The spindle apparatus moves chromosomes to the poles of the cell

Kinetochore microtubules: Kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling homologous chromosomes to opposite poles

Non-kinetochore microtubules: Non-kinetochore microtubules lengthen, pushing centrosomes apart

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Metaphase One

During metaphase I, homologous chromosomes pair up and line up in the middle of a dividing cell

Homologous chromosome pairing: Homologous chromosomes pair up in a process called synapsis. Homologous chromosomes contain matching alleles from the mother and father

Crossing over: Also known as meiotic recombination, crossing over occurs during metaphase I. This process shuffles the characteristics of the two parents, creating genetic variation

Random orientation: The position of the homologous pairs on the metaphase plate is random. This means that the daughter cells have a 50-50 chance of inheriting 50-50 characters from each parent

Spindle fiber attachment: Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome

Bivalent metaphasic plate: The two centromeres of each homologous pair create a bivalent metaphasic plate

Pushing bodies: Interzonal spindle fibers push the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell

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Prometaphase One

Prometaphase I is a stage of meiosis I that involves the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and the formation of a spindle fiber apparatus

Nuclear envelope breakdown: The nuclear envelope breaks down into membrane vesicles, exposing the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Spindle fiber apparatus: Microtubules grow from centrosomes at opposite ends of the cell and attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

Kinetochore formation: Protein structures called kinetochores form around the centromeres of the chromosomes

Homologous chromosome attachment: Microtubules attach to one homologous chromosome of each tetrad, with one homologous chromosome facing each pole

Recombination: Recombination between homologous chromosomes occurs

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Propfase One

Prophase I is the first stage of meiosis I, and is characterized by the pairing of homologous chromosomes and the exchange of genetic material between them

Stages: Prophase I has five stages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis

Homologous recombination: Homologous chromosomes exchange DNA through homologous recombination

Crossing over: Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over at chiasmata

Genetic variation: Prophase I increases genetic variation

Cell division: Prophase I leads to the formation of four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

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Interphase

In meiosis, interphase is characterized by DNA replication, where the genetic material is copied, resulting in two identical sets of chromosomes (sister chromatids) attached at the centromere, alongside cell growth and preparation for the meiotic division process, including the duplication of centrosomes which are crucial for spindle fiber formation during cell division

DNA replication: The most critical event in interphase, where each chromosome is copied to produce two identical sister chromatids

Centrosome duplication: The centrosomes, which organize the spindle fibers, replicate during interphase

Chromatin structure: Chromatin remains in a relatively uncondensed state, allowing for DNA replication to occur

Cell growth: The cell undergoes general growth and protein synthesis during the G1 phase

Preparation for meiosis: During the G2 phase, the cell prepares for the meiotic division by synthesizing proteins needed for the process

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The Final Transformation

Grey and White Matter

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Separated into two main groups called “horns” a place of transition from the living to the dead. There are ten types of people who have either one experience or the other 

Dorsal (Posterior) Horn:

contains neurons that receive somatosensory information from the body, which is then transmitted via the ascending pathways

The people who experience this are Lamina One to Six who are personality types One to Six

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 It receives sensory information from the body via the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves

The dorsal root emerges from the spinal cord and travels to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), a collection of nerve cell bodies

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Dorsal Horn Neurons

local interneurons:

These are a specific type of interneuron that connect and process information within a small, localized area of the central nervous system, such as the spinal cord

typically have short axons and only interact with neighboring neurons

and projection neurons

specifically within the dorsal horn, are the output cells that relay processed sensory information, including pain and itch, from the spinal cord to the brain, with populations found in lamina I and deeper laminae

process this sensory information, including pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception (awareness of body position)

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The dorsal root continued 

The processed sensory information is then relayed to the brain via, ascending pathways (e.g., the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway)

deal with the conscious appreciation of fine touch, two-point discrimination, conscious proprioception, and vibration sensations from the entire body except for the head

The dorsal horn contains various neurotransmitters that transmit peripheral information to spinal cord neurons,

excitatory: 

Excitatory neurotransmitters increase the likelihood of a neuron firing an action potential by depolarizing the postsynaptic membrane

meaning making the inside of the cell less negative (more positive) relative to the outside

When a neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, it can cause ion channels to open, allowing positively charged ions (like sodium, Na+) to flow into the cell

neurotransmitters including:

glutamate:

acts as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter, crucial for spinal excitatory synaptic transmission, pain perception, and sensory information processing

inhibitory:

prevent or decrease the likelihood of a nerve cell firing an action potential, thus playing a crucial role in regulating neuronal activity and preventing overexcitation

GABA:

GABA is an amino acid that functions as a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger

glycine:

Glycine exerts its inhibitory effects by binding to specific glycine receptors (GlyRs), which are ionotropic receptors that open chloride channels

When glycine binds to GlyRs, chloride ions flow into the neuron, causing hyperpolarization and inhibiting neuronal firing

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Neurotransmitters:

nitric oxide (NO):

a gas, acts as a unique neurotransmitter, diffusing across cell membranes and affecting nearby cells, rather than being stored and released like conventional neurotransmitters. It plays a role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, and can also have neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects. 

prostaglandins:

while not neurotransmitters themselves, are potent lipids that act as modulators of neurotransmission, influencing the release and action of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine. They are considered local hormones or autacoids, playing a role in various physiological functions, including inflammation and pain

adenosine triphosphate (ATP):

acts as a neurotransmitter and a cotransmitter in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, mediating various functions through activation of P2X and P2Y receptors

endogenous opioids:

also known as neuropeptides, produced naturally in the body that act as neuromodulators, influencing pain, emotion, reward, and other functions by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord

monoamines (serotonin and norepinephrine)

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine): Regulates mood, sleep, appetite, and other functions

Norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline):Plays a role in alertness, arousal, and the "fight-or-flight" response

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Ventral (Anterior) Horn:

largely contains motor neurons that exit the spinal cord

The people who experience this are Laminae Seven to Ten being personality types Seven to Ten 

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contains the cell bodies of motor neurons, which send axons via the ventral roots to innervate skeletal muscles

ventral roots are bundles of axons that carry efferent (motor) signals from the spinal cord to the body's skeletal muscles, emerging from the spinal cord laterally towards the anterior surface

It's primarily a motor region, meaning it contains the neurons responsible for sending signals that cause muscles to contract

The ventral horn contains two types of lower motor neurons:

alpha motor neurons

which supply the extrafusal muscle fibers with nerves 

outside the muscle spindle - a sensory receptor 

gamma motor neurons

which supply the intrafusal muscle fibers with nerves 

located within a muscle spindle - a sensory receptor 

Sensory receptors are specialized cells that detect stimuli from the internal or external environment and convert them into electrical signals for the nervous system to interpret

To have the ability to interpret the signals from outside the known world and translate it into messages to accessed by the transcendent ones when they become bodies of energy 

Part of the body’s Proprioception system 

the ability to sense the position and movement of our body parts, mediated by specialized receptors (proprioceptors) in muscles, tendons, and joints, allowing us to move and maintain balance without relying solely on vision

Specialized sensory receptors, like muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs, are located in muscles, tendons, and joints

The brain processes this information, creating a "mind's eye" view of our body's position and movement

Organelle’s world of the living does experience supernatural phenomena mostly in the nation Neur 

 The axons of these motor neurons exit the spinal cord via the ventral roots, which are part of the spinal nerves

Neur experience more supernatural phenomena than any other nation 

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When you pass on from Organelle your personality changes. While you still remember who you were you are not that person anymore, that person is dead.

The personality types I have listed on page one become the matching Laminae

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Laminae I:

Type One personalities become Laminae One

cells respond to noxious or thermal stimuli

sends information to the brain by the contralateral spinothalamic tract

corresponds to the marginal zone

It's a key relay station for pain and temperature information, receiving input from Aδ and C fibers

It contains a variety of cell types, including interneurons and neurons that project to higher brain centers

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Laminae II:

Type Two personalities become Laminae Two

Involved in sensation of noxious and non-noxious stimuli, and modulating sensory input to contribute to the brain’s interpretation of incoming signals as painful, or not

Sends information to Lamina III and IV

Corresponds to substantia gelatinosa

It can be further subdivided into an outer (lamina IIo) and an inner (lamina IIi) zone

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Laminae III:

Type Three personalities become Laminae Three

Involved in proprioception and sensation of light touch

Cells in this layer connects with cells in layers IV, V and VI

Partially corresponds to nucleus proprius

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Laminae IV:

Type Four personalities become Laminae Four 

Involved in non-noxious sensory information relay and processing

Cells connect with those in lamina II

Partially corresponds to nucleus proprius

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Laminae V:

Type Five personalities become Laminae Five

Relays sensory, including nociceptive (potentially painful), information to the brain via the contralateral and spinothalamic tracts

Receives descending information from the brain via the corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts

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Laminae VI:

Type Six personalities become Laminae Six

Contains many small interneurons involved in spinal reflexes

Receives sensory information from muscle spindles (involved in proprioception)

Sends information to the brain via ipsilateral spinocerebellar pathways

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Laminae VII:

Type Seven personalities become Laminae Seven 

Large, heterogenous zone that varies through the length of the spinal cord

Receives information from Lamina II to VI, and from viscera

Relays motor information to the viscera

Gives rise to cells involved in the autonomic system

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Laminae VIII:

Type Eight personalities become Laminae Eight 

Varies depending on spinal cord level, but is most prominent in cervical and lumbar enlargements

Cells are involved in modulating motor output to skeletal muscle

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Laminae IX:

Type Nine personalities become Laminae Nine

Size and shape varies between spinal cord levels

Distinct groups of motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle

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Laminae X:

Type Ten personalities become Laminae Ten

Surrounds the central canal – the grey commissure

Axons cross over from one side of the spinal cord to the other